Audacity Support Forum / Audacity and Nyquist / Nyquist Reference Manual / Nyquist Examples and Tutorials
Sound examples: thicker.ogg - blurp.ogg
The warble function by Alex illustrates the use of AM and FM oscillators to create an "analog" electronic synthesizer sound.
(defun warble (&optional (dur 1) (pch 60))
(stretch dur
(sum (mult
(env 0.017 0.1 0.004 1 0.7 0.8 1)
(amosc pch (fmosc (hz-to-step 8)
(pwl 0 4 0.2 -4 0.56 9 0.7 0 1 -8 1))))
(mult (stretch 0.96 (env 0.2 0.09 0.07 0.92 0.8 0.6 1))
(amosc pch (fmosc (* pch 1.414)
(pwl 0.2 80 0.5 4 0.9 1120 1 200 1)))))))
- Sound example: warble.ogg
This sound is the sum of two components. To find the two components, look for (mult ...). Each of these components is the product of an envelope and an AM oscillator. The first one modulates the AM oscillator with a low frequency (about 8 Hz) sinusoid produced by an FM oscillator. The modulator varies in frequency according to a piece-wise linear envelope.
The second component is similar, but uses a much higher modulating frequency in the audio range, producing a ring-modulation effect. Another piece-wise linear envelope sweeps the modulator frequency by as much as 1120 Hz.
A thicker texture can be obtained by playing copies of warble together with slight parameter changes. Here is an example:
(defun thicker ()
(sim (scale 0.5 (at 0.00 (warble 8 48)))
(scale 0.3 (at 0.05 (warble 8.05 47.9)))))
- Sound example: thicker.ogg
The following produces another analog-sounding FM texture:
(defun mod (dur)
(stretch dur
(mult (pwl 0 1000 .2 200 .5 8000 1 100 1)
(fmosc c4 (pwl 0 1 .5 3.25 1 .74 1)))))
(defun blurp (dur)
(fmosc c3 (mult (osc 07 dur) (mod dur))))
- Sound example: blurp.ogg
This example relies on a combination of AM and FM: the output is from an FM oscillator, but its modulator is formed by multiplying (AM) two oscillators. The first is low frequency (about 12 Hz), giving a warbling sound, and the second, generated by (mod dur), is another FM oscillator. It appears that the modulation generated by the piece-wise linear function is almost insignificant. You might try scaling the expression (pwl 0 1 .5 3.25 1 .74 1) in mod by varying amounts to see what happens.
The original duration of blurp was 3.1 (seconds), but longer versions are interesting and reveal more detail.
See "Other Sounds Using Ring" in Vinal Scratch Tutorial for another example.
Audacity Support Forum / Audacity and Nyquist / Nyquist Reference Manual / Nyquist Examples and Tutorials